Important Terms to Remember
- A rock having high content of a particular mineral is called as ore.
- Coal, petroleum, natural gas are called as fossil fuel.
- Manganese is used for making iron-steel, alloys, bleaching powder, insecticides, paints and batteries.
- Aluminium is extracted from mineral called bauxite.
- Lignite coal is mined from Neyvali in Tamil Nadu.
- Solar energy is producing using photo-voltaic cell which made of silicon.
- Uranium and thorium are used to produce nuclear or atomic energy.
- Copper is good conductor of electricity. It is used for making utensils, electric wires, utensils and alloys. Copper is found in Jharkhand [Singbhum] and Rajasthan [Khetri].
- Lead is used in cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass and rubber making.
- Aluminum is obtained from bauxite. Aluminum is used in manufacturing of aeroplane, utensils, house-hold items, wires etc.
- Mica can withstand very high temperature. It is resistant to high voltage. It is bad conductor of electricity. It is used in electrical and electronic industries. Mica is found in Jharkhand [Hazaribag, Kodarma, Gaya].
- Limestone is used in making cement and smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
- Thermal electricity is produced from fossil fuel like coal, petroleum and gas.
- Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained from uranium and thorium. These minerals are found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala.
- Electricity from sunlight is produced using photovoltaic cells. Largest solar plant in India is located in Madhapur [Gujurat].
- Largest wind farm cluster in India is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
- Biogas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste. It is better then cowdung and charcoal. Gobar Gas Plants are now being installed in rural areas of our country.
- Gulf of Kuchchh has ideal condition for producing tidal energy.
- Heat of the earth’s interior is used to produce geothermal energy. Hot water coming from depth [geysers] produced steam which runs terbines to generate electricity. Geothermal energy is produced from Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.
- Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur [HBJ] Pipeline is longest in India [1700 km].
- Nuclear Power Plants in India:
1. Naraura [UP] 4.
Tarapur [Maharastra]
2. Rawat Bhata [Rajasthan] 5. Kaiga [Karnataka]
3. Ukai [Gujarat] 6.
Kalpakkam [Tamil Nadu]
Mineral and Its Classification
Meaning: Minerals are natural substance which has certain physical and
chemical properties like colour, hardness, texture, crystals etc. Minerals are
very important as most of the things we use in our lives are made of one or
other minerals. Minerals are mined from earth surface. There are about 2000
types of minerals identified so far but few of them are very important like
iron, cooper, mineral oil, bauxite etc. Minerals can be classified as under:
1] Metallic Minerals: Metals are obtained from them.
a) Ferrous [Contain
Iron]: Iron Ore, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt
b) Non-Ferrous [No
Iron]: Copper, Lead, Tin, Bauxite
c) Precious [Costly]:
Gold, Silver, Platinum
2] Non-Metallic Minerals: Metals are not obtained from them.
Mica, Salt, Potash,
Limestone, Marble, Sandstone
3] Energy Minerals: These minerals provide us energy.
Coal, Petroleum and
Natural Gas
Mode of Occurrence [Where are minerals found?]
Minerals are found in the earth surface [crust]. They are extracted by
mining activities. Minerals take millions of year to form; therefore they are
called as non-renewable resource.
a) In the veins and lodes of igneous rock
and metamorphic rock important metallic minerals are found like cooper, zinc,
tin, lead etc.
b) Energy minerals such as coal, petroleum and natural
gas are found in the beds and layers of sedimentary rocks.
c) Alluvial deposits [also called as placer deposits]
contain very precious minerals like gold, silver, tin, platinum etc.
d) Ocean water also contains many minerals like salt,
magnesium, bromide etc.
e) Weathered materials of the rocks contain bauxite [aluminum].
Iron Ore, Its Types and Distribution
It is a ferrous mineral and backbone of any economy. Industrial
development of any country depends on availability of iron ore. Iron is used in
making from needle to big ship. India is rich in good quality of iron ore.
There are four types of iron ore.
a) Magnetite [Contains 70-80% Iron – Best Quality]
b) Hematite [Contains 50-60% Iron]
c) Siderite
d) Limonite
Iron ore found in the peninsular plateau of India.
a) Orissa-Jharkhand Belt: Iron ore is mined from
Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Singbhum, Gua and Noamundi Districts.
b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: Good quality hematite ore
are found from Bastar and Durg districts. Iron ore is exported to Japan and
Korea.
c) Bellary-Chtradurga-Chikmaglur Belt: This belt is in
Karnataka. Iron ore mined from Kudremukh [Largest deposit in the world]. Ore is
exported to USA and Europe.
d) Maharastra-Goa Belt: Goa and Ratnagiri are important
mining place of iron ore.
Coal, Its Types and Distribution
Coal is a type of fossil fuel and the most important source of energy in
our country. Coal is formed by burial of plants and animals in the rocks for
million of years. Coal is used for generating thermal electricity and for
smelting iron ore. Coal in India is found mainly in Gondwana Rocks
series of river Damodar, Mahanadi, Godawari etc. There are four types of coal
as per carbon content.
a) Anthracite [Best Quality]
b) Bituminous [Mainly found in India]
c) Lignite [Low grade coal found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu]
d) Peat
Gondwana coal is found in West Bengal and Jharkhand. Important mining
centres are Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Bokaro. River valleys of Damodar,
Mahanadi, Son, Wardha have many mining centres. Tertiary coal [new coal] is
found in north-eastern part of the country like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal
Pradesh.
Difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional
Energy Sources
|
Conventional
Source
|
|
Non-Conventional
Source
|
|
1.
These energy
sources are being used since a long time, hence they are called conventional
source.
2.
Wood, coal,
petroleum and gas are conventional sources of energy.
3.
These sources are
non-renewable. They will finish one day.
4.
Use of these
sources pollutes the enrolments. They are not eco-friendly.
|
|
1.
These sources are
new and modern, therefore called as non-conventional source.
2.
Wind, tides,
solar, biogas are non-conventional sources of energy.
3.
These sources
renewable and can be used for longer period.
4.
They are
eco-friendly and clean sources of energy.
|
Difference between Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
|
Metallic Minerals
|
|
Non-Metallic
Minerals
|
|
1.
These minerals are
melted to obtain metals. Metals can be beaten into sheet or wire.
2.
Iron, copper,
bauxite, manganese are example of metallic minerals.
3.
These minerals are
generally found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
4.
These minerals are
used in metallurgical industries.
5.
They are hard,
ductile and malleable.
6.
When hit, they are
not broken.
|
|
1.
These minerals do
not contain metals. Sheet and wire can be made from them.
2.
Sandstone,
limestone, marble etc. are example.
3.
These minerals are
generally found in sedimentary rocks.
4.
These minerals are
used generally in construction and building.
5.
They are not so
hard and do not shine.
6.
When hit, they
break into pieces.
|
Difference between Commercial and Non-Commercial
Energy
|
Commercial Energy
|
|
Non-Commercial
Energy
|
|
1.
Commercial energy
has great economic values.
2.
This energy pollutes
the environment badly.
3.
Commercial energy
sources are limited in the nature.
4.
It is used mainly
in the towns and cities.
5.
Coal, petroleum,
gas, nuclear energies are its examples.
|
|
1.
Non-commercial
energy sources are cheaper.
2.
They are pure and
keep the environment clean.
3.
They are abundant
[unlimited] in nature.
4.
It is mainly used
in rural areas.
5.
Cowdung, charcoal,
firewood, agricultural waste are its example.
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Need for Conservation of Minerals
a) Minerals should be conserved because they are limited
in nature.
b) Minerals are also not found at every place. They occur
at certain place only.
c) Most of the minerals are non-renewable and finish one
day.
d) Use of mineral produces waste and pollute environment.
Mineral should be conserve to make the environment clean.
e) Minerals should be conserved for sustainable
development.
Measurement [Methods] for Conservation of Minerals
a) Judicious use of our mineral resources. It means
misuse and overuse of minerals should be avoided.
b) Public transport system [Bus, Train, Metro Train etc]
should be used instead of personal transport like car and bike.
c) Switching off electricity when it is not in use.
d) Power saving devices should be used. Modern technology
which consume less energy and give more output should be adopted [like CFL
Bulb].
e) Non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind,
tidal, geothermal energy should be used in the place of coal, petroleum and
gas.
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